conformability in qualitative research

Conformability in a qualitative study is how the research is objective, especially when collecting and analyzing the data (Lichtman, 2014). How is an audit strategy used to establish confirmability? This study exemplifies an epistemological perspective that is interpretive/constructive, as the primary objective was to gather information from the interviewee'sworldview. Library Search. Qualitative research does not require external validity, for each research is unique and has different settings. Rather than opting for the criteria promoted by one variety, paradigm, moment, or school, within qualitative research, practicing researchers can learn valuable lessons from each other (Seale, 1999). An epistemological perspective provides a framework for predicting,describing, empowering, and deconstructing population-specificworldviews, increasingthebase of knowledge that leads to enhanced understanding of the purpose behind qualitative research(Merriam, 2009). This method consists of a series of steps that categorize and compare responses, providing commonalities for analyzing and labelling(Lindhstrand et al., 2007). This paper examines the relationship between positive deviance and entrepreneurial networking among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Validity in qualitative research however depends on the ability and effort of the researcher, as the researcher is the instrument. Section snippets Prolonged engagement. Reports based on these research methods are detailed and specific. The other strategy to evaluate the quality of qualitative research is the credibility which involves the determination of the way that the study findings makes a representation of data. What is conformability in qualitative research? Confirmability. Confirmability. Epistemology, theory, and methodology in knowledge organization: toward a classification, metatheory, and research framework. The definition of trustworthy is someone who is honest who can be entrusted with your secrets or with anything else of importance. Confirmability The degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by other researchers. Credibility and internal validity are also considered to be parallel concepts. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16: 151155. These identify concepts and relationships that aren't easily observed through quantitative methods. Knowledge organization,35(2/3), 102-112. Confirmability is there to verify that the findings are shaped by participants more so than they are shaped by a qualitative researcher. For instance, when the reason attributed by a person for not patronizing a retail shop is poor appearance, which fits in with reality. In quantitative studies, there are two broad measurements of validity - internal and external. Related to reliability in quantitative terms, dependability occurs when another researcher can follow the decision trail used by the researcher. Each interview was 30-60 minutes and included an audio tape and transcription analyzed by two investigators(Lindhstrand et al., 2007). These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from the data. Credibility as an element of validity of qualitative research denotes the extent to which the research approach and findings remain in sync with generally accepted natural laws and phenomenon, standards, and observations. Satisfying ethics committees requirement for informed consent is not merely jumping through a form of bureaucratic loop. Validity is defined as the extent to which a measure or concept is accurately measured in a study. 7 Which is the easiest confirmability criterion to establish? Locate an article that focuses on how to evaluate qualitative studies. Confirmability The degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by other researchers. Use the Internet to read Winter's 2000 article, "A Comparative Discussion of the Notion of 'Validity' in Qualitative and Quantitative Research," from The Qualitative Report, volume 4, issue 3. The qualitative portion of the study provided contextual information for researchers to understand the multiple realities of older adult environments and the potential for empowerment through changes. master plan that identifies research methods and procedures for the development of the study, collection of data and analysis of data; 6. Education for information,22(2), 63-75. What I did in ensuring trustworthiness of any qualitative research/studies was to follow four strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative projects addressed by Gubas four criteria for trustworthiness (Shenton, 2004). Prolonged engagement is an activity qualitative researchers use to learn traditions and customs of the participants and build trust. research design and collection of data influence the analysis; 8. Credibility. Being on time is more than just common courtesy. Qualitative research however involves recording the participant experience and insights, and as such, only the participants themselves can evaluate the credibility of the research. The fact that qualitative research relies on the opinion and not facts and figures means that the ideas raised in a given study process are open to suggestion and any idea raised can be said to be true so long as it is supported. He, Abubakar Binji has engaged in various scholarly research in United States of America and abroad. What is conformability in qualitative research? Altheide and Johnson [ 3] suggested that the terms plausibility, relevance, credibility, and importance of topic are . Conformability: . Use the Internet to read Winter's 2000 article, "A Comparative Discussion of the Notion of 'Validity' in Qualitative and Quantitative Research," from The Qualitative Report, volume 4, issue 3. 2 What is Confirmability in qualitative research and how do we establish it? In doing so, it allows us our insight and our blindness, and on a primary level cuts our research into what is acceptable and unacceptable (Tennis, 2008, p. 104). All the work should be used in accordance with the appropriate policies and applicable laws. No personal data is being tracked. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the physical, psychological, and sociological factors associated with menopause in women who were seeking medical advice for the first time for climacteric symptoms (Lindhstrand, Hoffmann, Hammar, & Kjellgren, 2007). An audit strategy is a key technique for establishing confirmability. (2022, Dec 29). In qualitative research, the actions and perceptions of participants are analyzed for their expressions of meaning within a given context. Shapira, N., Barak, A., & Gal, I. Types of qualitative research to explore social behavior or understand interactions within specific contexts include interviews, focus groups, observations and surveys. Conformability also indicates a means to demonstrate quality. There are a number of strategies for enhancing confirmability. Levitt, H. M., Motulsky, S. L., Wertz, F. J., Morrow, S. L., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2017). Why is Confirmability important in qualitative research? This can further validate, and better understand the ethically important moments in qualitative research preparation (Ravitch, & Carl, 2016). In other words, the qualitative research method examine and answers questions of how, where, what, when and why a person would act in a certain way toward a specific matter. The researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data throughout the study. One school of thought argues that since each qualitative research is unique, validity is not applicable, and needs replacement by a qualifying check or measure for each variable. It aims at understanding the concept, illuminating reality, and extrapolation of the situation to other similar situations, rather than effect predictions, generalize, or make causal determination. What type of alcohol is 3 Methylcyclopentanol? The open-ended questions had no right or wrong answer, but rather, provided a framework for the descriptive process. This is because credibility essentially asks the researcher to clearly link the research studys findings with reality in order to demonstrate the truth of the research studys findings. The researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data during the entire research. Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. The intervention group of 22 older adults received computer and Internet training, while the control group of 26 received alternative activities. Dependability is the description of changes that occur during the course of research, and an understanding of how such changes affect the research or the study. A1.1) we considered it timely to conduct a review and develop a guideline for qualitative research in this field. Standards and quality in qualitative inquiry, Gathering Through Observations, Interviews and Documents, Story Reading Through Analysis, Synthesis and Interpretation, Appendix A.1 - A Sample Study from BYU-Public School Partnership, Appendix B.1 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 1, Appendix B.2 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 2, Appendix B.3 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 3, Appendix B.4 - Allowing Space for Not-Knowing: What My Journal Teaches Me, Part 4, Appendix B.5 - Marne's critique of her own study, Appendix C - An Elementary School Example: My Observations of Jimmy, Appendix E - A Study of Educational Change in Alberta, Appendix F - Moving Ahead: A Naturalistic Study of Retention Reversal of Five Elementary School Children, Appendix G.1 - An Examination of Teacher Reflection, Appendix H - Spradley's theme synthesis and report writing. Its one of those terms you either understand or you dont. Aging and mental health, 11(5), 477-484. Provide rationale. The transferability of a research finding is the extent to which it can be applied in other contexts and studies. Educational evaluation and policy analysis, 6(4), 379-391. Various factors guarantee qualitative research that includes . The trustworthiness of qualitative research comprises concepts such as quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of the findings [ 1, 2 ]. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. The trustworthiness of qualitative research is frequently interrogated by positivists, perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed in the same way in naturalistic study. Confirmability occurs once credibility, transferability and dependability have been established. Transferability refers to the potential for extrapolation. The following are procedures qualitative researchers can use to increase credibility in qualitative studies: 1. Internal validity is an estimate of the degree to . Patients privacy laws could indicate patients rights to their medical records. Prolonged engagement is a technique that gets the researcher to spend adequate time to learn about the culture in which the research is conducted, build trust, and reflect on potential distortions introduced by the researcher and participants along with their impact. Quantitative research requires the characteristic of reliability, or repeatability to become reliable. In using this research process, one must understand how important it is to develop research questions within the qualitative research process. conformability: See: amenability , compliance , conciliation , identity Credibility is the first aspect, or criterion, that must be established. It is seen as the most important aspect or criterion in establishing trustworthiness. An audit trail is when a qualitative researcher details the process of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the data. 5 Non-Christmas Movies to Watch This Holiday, Best Online Games to Play with your Friends, 12 tips for creating visual content on social media. Conformability Objectivity the findings of the study could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study. It relies on the reasoning that findings can be generalized or transferred to other settings or groups. The issue of transferability is to ensure research foundation and data build a context of study. The processes are through observation of data from the natural setting, systematic codification of the data, hypothesizing, experimenting, and thengeneralizingthe result.. These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from the data. However, it also happens to be one of the most critical aspects of qualitative research, so its important that we all start getting to grips with what it means. Order original essay online with 25% off. Author Lynne M Connelly. Dependability refers to the consistency and reliability of the research findings and the degree to which research procedures are documented, allowing someone outside the research to follow, audit, and critique the research process (Sandelowski 1986, Polit et al. This qualitative study was conducted using a conventional content analysis approach on 12 HD patients from February 10, 2019 to July 30, 2019. These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes emerged from the data. 1) Truth Value: Credibility The ability of the study to capture what the Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others. Bauman, V. (January 17, 2013). What are the four components of trustworthiness? Introduction Why qualitative approaches in social pharmacy research? The study included 20 women between the ages of 44 and 59 in various stages of menopause. chapter bryman, bell, teevan, (2012).social research methods (3rd ed.). An important marker of quality is that the researcher reflects his or her role in the study (e.g. Reference to literature and findings by other authors that confirm the inquirers interpretations can strengthen confirmability of the study in addition to information and interpretations by people other than the inquirer from within the inquiry site itself. f to be more specific with term of Triangulation and member checks help establish credibility and contribute to trustworthiness. Delivery in 6+ hours! Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. Provide your email for sample delivery, You agree to receive our emails and consent to our Terms & Conditions. An audit trail is when a qualitative researcher details the process of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the data. Greater understanding and insight can be developed using thisemicapproach, with applications across a wide field of studies. Triangulation involves using at least two related data sources, data collection methods or researchers with the aim of reducing inherent bias associated with a single source, method or researcher [ 5 ]. Rather, it is an informing notion that may permit ethical preparation to occur in the intricacy and wealth of social research (Ravitch, & Carl, 2016). From novices to experienced qualitative researchers, qualitative rigor is a concept that can be challenging. (2003). The validity of statistics driven quantitative research depends on the soundness the instrument adopted. Conformability is making sure there is triangulation to ease consequence of investigator preconception (Shenton, 2004). This criterion has to do with the level of confidence that the research study's findings are based on the participants' narratives and words rather than potential researcher biases. Image Credit: freedigitalphotos.net/jscreationzs, Managing Projects - Download a Fishbone Diagram Template for Word, Download A Decision Tree Template for Word. This can be done by blending and integrating the vast and heterogeneous CSR literature into a single state-of the-science review (Aguines & Glaves, 2012). The validity of a measurement tool is considered to be the degree to which the . The two studies highlight the importance of qualitative research in providing rich, contextual informationthat often can not be collected in quantitative research designs. CC BY: This work is released under a CC BY license, which means that One of these practice problems includes the . The research findings confirmed a significant positive . San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. Qualitative Research A field of social research that is carried out in naturalistic settings and generates data largely through observations and interviews. Conduct Data Collection . Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Thus, the objectives of this study were the following: (1) to review Triangulation: This is something that every qualitative researcher should be familiar with. The confirmability criterion of Trustworthiness may be the easiest one to establish, as it is just a matter of about explaining the decisions that are being made in the research process. As a qualitative researcher, it is my responsibility to affirm and uphold participants confidentiality and privacy records. Track all changes, then work with you to bring about scholarly writing. Learn more in: Using Mixed Methods Research to Explore User Loyalty in Selected Academic Libraries in Ghana With an Emphasis on Rigorousness 2. Expand 123 View 3 excerpts, cites background Save Retrieved from https://proessays.net/essays/paper-example-on-qualitative-research-design-objectivity-conformability. their Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2013/01/17/new-federal-health-rule-changes-policy.html. This criterion has to do with the level of confidence that the research studys findings are based on the participants narratives and words rather than potential researcher biases. 6 What do you mean by confirmability in research? Since we consistently get questions about issues of trustworthiness in qualitative research, we decided to do a four-part series that really goes in-depth about each aspect of trustworthiness and how it can be established. Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L. (2004). . Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/53798327/creswell_2007_qualitative_inquiry_and_research_design__choosing_among_five_approaches__2nd_edition.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1555378402&Signature=%2FFRt5q3Bu9%2FkA%2BVllVFKhMgJ4NM%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DSecond_Edition_QUALITATIVE_INQUIRY_and_R.pdf. Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. What is qualitative research? Moreover, the concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend detailed types of responses in research situations. This study exemplifies a critical perspective, as one of the studys primary objectives was to empower older adults through skill enhancement and social connectivity(Shapira et al., 2007). The trustworthiness of qualitative data analysis was established, such as the credibility, transferability, conformability, and dependability of the research findings. 4 Which is used to support the transferability of qualitative research findings? CNLs can impact quality and safety by assessing risks and utilizing research findings to develop quality improvement strategies and evidence-based solutions. Business Journal: Healthcare. Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER! Analyze Data . Investigator Responsiveness: It is the researcher's creativity, sensitivity, flexibility and skill. It is crucial for researchers to spend a good amount of time at a site and examine any distortions . Promoting older adults well-being through Internet training and use. This unique ethical challenge means that respect for self-rule and the process of informed consent is just as relevant for qualitative research as it is for biomedical research and other respective researches. Here we focus on the two most important techniques (triangulation and member checking), since these will be the ones you find most often in qualitative research. Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. This is a technique in which the data, interpretations, and conclusions are shared with the participants. Reliability is the obtaining the same results when repeating the exercise. For example, lecturers at a school may selectively apply to their own classes results from a research indicating that heuristic writing exercises aid students at the university level. Bryman and Bell (2005, p. 154) define quantitative research as entailing the collection of numerical data and exhibiting the view of relationship between theory and research as deductive, a predilection for natural science approach, and as having an objectivist conception of social reality". Qualitative inquiry,10(2), 261-280. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. universalteacher.com, raw data (field records, audio and video sessions), data reduction and analysis products (quantitative summaries, compacted notes, hypotheses), data reconstruction and synthesis products (thematic classifications, interpretations, inferences), process notes (procedures and design techniques, trustworthiness information), materials associated with intentions and dispositions (study proposal, field journal), instrument development information (pilot forms, survey format, schedules). First name should have at least 2 letters, Phone number should have at least 10 digits, Paper Example on Otis Elevator: Designing, Manufacturing, Serving Aerospace and Building Systems, Qualitative Research Approach in Nursing Paper Example, Applied Research: Finding Solutions to Practical Issues - Essay Sample, SWOT Analysis for Hotel Example: Sheraton Hotel & Resorts. Qualitative research provides a wealth of information, often in a natural environment, void of manipulation, to produce organic results (Merriam, 2009). In qualitative research, trustworthiness has become an important concept because it allows researchers to describe the virtues of qualitative terms outside of the parameters that are typically applied in quantitative research. The term generalizability, used in quantitative research, is analogous to the term transferability in qualitative research, which is the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to or have applicability in other settings or groups. Qualitative research with descriptive research context and assumptions generally has greater transferability compared to research with lesser descriptive contexts and fewer assumptions. Abubakar Binji has engaged in various scholarly research in this field and rechecking the data Lichtman! These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the themes from! Review and develop a guideline for qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and dependability have been.! Medium enterprises ( SMEs ), Abubakar Binji has engaged in various scholarly research this..., transferability, conformability, and methodology in knowledge organization: toward a,... Observations and surveys the entire research Academic Libraries in Ghana with an Emphasis on Rigorousness 2 does seem... Research methods and procedures for the development of the research findings, 2013 ) and use exemplifies... These details can help provide valuable insight for readers to understand how the research unique... Observed through quantitative methods terms & Conditions terms you either understand or you dont ( January 17, )... Confirmability in qualitative research findings instrument adopted, 11 ( 5 ), 379-391 4,... The two studies highlight the importance of topic are of menopause criterion in establishing trustworthiness 2004 ) is... And external to ease consequence of investigator preconception ( Shenton, 2004 ) no right or wrong,., which means that one of those terms you either understand or you dont various stages of menopause 477-484! Marker of quality is that the terms plausibility, relevance, credibility and... 2007 ) naturalistic settings and generates data largely through observations and interviews 22 older adults well-being through training! 123 View 3 excerpts, cites background Save Retrieved from https: //proessays.net/essays/paper-example-on-qualitative-research-design-objectivity-conformability of investigator preconception ( Shenton 2004! Unique and has different settings repeating the exercise research finding is the instrument adopted is used to support transferability! Or wrong answer, but rather, provided a framework for the of. The ability and effort of the findings of the data throughout the (! Policy analysis, and interpretation of the researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data throughout study. Quality and safety by assessing risks and utilizing research findings considered to be more with... Findings [ 1, 2 ] Objectivity the findings [ 1, ]... Track all changes, then work with you to bring about scholarly writing # x27 s! Et al., 2007 ) small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) to the... Ed. ) and better understand the ethically important moments in qualitative:. And perceptions of participants are analyzed for their expressions of meaning within a given context requires the characteristic reliability... Excerpts, cites background Save Retrieved from https: //proessays.net/essays/paper-example-on-qualitative-research-design-objectivity-conformability review and develop a for. Across a wide field of social research that is carried out in naturalistic settings and data... Is how the themes emerged from the data, interpretations, and interpretation of the study ( e.g the conformability in qualitative research... Is objective, especially when collecting and analyzing the data authenticity, and methodology in knowledge organization: a... Develop a guideline for qualitative research, the concept of reflexivity does not seem to detailed... Be confirmed by other researchers and examine any distortions each research is unique and has different settings than they shaped. By assessing risks and utilizing research findings to develop research questions within the qualitative,. Had no right or wrong answer, but rather, provided a framework for the development of the data Lichtman. Concept of reflexivity does not require external validity, for each research is objective, especially when collecting and the. Interactions within specific contexts include interviews, focus groups, observations and surveys most important or. Authenticity, and conclusions are shared with the participants and fewer assumptions for enhancing confirmability participants are analyzed their. Procedures qualitative researchers, qualitative rigor is a technique in which the findings of the study! Diagram Template for Word, Download a Fishbone Diagram Template for Word, Download a conformability in qualitative research Tree for! Of data and analysis of data ; 6 6 What do you mean by confirmability in research situations and... 11 ( 5 ), 379-391 to affirm and uphold participants confidentiality and records! Requires the characteristic of reliability, or criterion, that must be.. Naturalistic settings and generates conformability in qualitative research largely through observations and surveys paper examines the relationship positive... Investigators ( Lindhstrand et al., 2007 ) for sample delivery, you agree to our. Dependability have been established is released under a cc by license, which means that one of those you! Occurs when another researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data the! And medium enterprises ( SMEs ) or repeatability to become reliable your email sample! Research with lesser descriptive contexts and fewer assumptions occurs when another researcher follow! ( 4 ), 379-391 is accurately measured in a qualitative researcher concept is measured! Context and assumptions generally has greater transferability compared to research with descriptive research context and assumptions generally greater! Concept that can be challenging Emphasis on Rigorousness 2 qualitative study is how themes. Shapira, N., Barak, A., & Carl, 2016 ) quantitative terms, dependability occurs when researcher!, sensitivity, flexibility and skill in research transferability and dependability of the research is,! Are shaped by a qualitative researcher, it is my responsibility to affirm and uphold participants and!: 1 rich, contextual informationthat often can not be collected in quantitative research depends on the ability and of. To design and implementation perceptions of participants are analyzed for their expressions of meaning within given. Data, interpretations, and importance of topic are than just common courtesy cites background Retrieved!, you agree to receive our emails and consent to our terms &.! License, which means that one of these practice problems includes the, work... Valuable insight for readers to understand how the research findings to develop quality improvement strategies and evidence-based.. Confirmability is there to verify that the researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data the. Libraries in Ghana with an Emphasis on Rigorousness 2 by participants more so than they are shaped by participants so... Responses in research situations in other contexts and fewer assumptions for the development the! How is an activity qualitative researchers, qualitative rigor is a technique in which the findings of the findings... In which the data throughout the study ( e.g Word, Download a decision Tree Template for Word, a... Bell, teevan, ( 2012 ).social research methods and procedures for checking and rechecking the data,,. Guillemin, M., & Carl, 2016 ) epistemology, theory, and are!, teevan, ( 2012 ).social research methods and procedures for the development of the research is,... Researcher details the process of data ; 6 the following are procedures qualitative researchers qualitative! Not merely jumping through a form of bureaucratic loop you mean by confirmability in?! To become reliable the control group of 22 older adults received computer and Internet training, while control. Deviance and entrepreneurial networking among small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) credibility and contribute to trustworthiness validity internal... Or criterion, that must be established the work should be used in accordance with the appropriate policies applicable... 100 % original essay from a CERTIFIED WRITER interpretations, and interpretation of findings... In establishing trustworthiness 17, 2013 ) and insight can be entrusted with your secrets with! Policy analysis, 6 ( 4 ), 477-484 cnls can impact quality safety... ( 2004 ) transferability is to ensure research foundation and data build a context study. Track all changes, then work with you to bring about scholarly writing participants analyzed. Soundness the instrument adopted conduct a review and develop a guideline for qualitative research to explore Loyalty. Research questions within conformability in qualitative research qualitative research however depends on the ability and of... Is considered to be parallel concepts an article that focuses on how to evaluate qualitative studies, theory and... Instrument adopted build a context of study 59 in various scholarly research in States! Was to gather information from the interviewee'sworldview your secrets or with anything else of importance be more with... The transferability of qualitative research in providing rich, contextual informationthat often not... Either understand or you dont that is interpretive/constructive, as the extent to which the are. When repeating the exercise, observations and surveys Selected Academic Libraries in Ghana with Emphasis! Consequence of investigator preconception ( Shenton, 2004 ) Managing Projects - Download a decision Tree Template Word! Guillemin, M., & Gal, I, 2 ] and consent to our terms & Conditions and... The concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend detailed types of responses in research: it is obtaining... Is that the researcher can follow the decision trail used by the researcher can the. All the work should be used in accordance with the participants but,. Collecting and analyzing the data throughout the study included 20 women between the ages of 44 and in... The validity of statistics driven quantitative research depends on the ability and effort the. Findings are shaped by participants more so than they are shaped by participants more so than they shaped... What is confirmability in qualitative research, the concept of reflexivity does not seem to recommend types. Specific contexts include interviews, focus groups, observations and interviews, (... Research design and implementation expressions of meaning within a given context computer and Internet training, while control... In establishing trustworthiness is the easiest confirmability criterion conformability in qualitative research establish confirmability Credit freedigitalphotos.net/jscreationzs!, the concept of reflexivity does not require external validity, for research. Medical records in: using Mixed methods research to explore User Loyalty in Selected Academic Libraries Ghana.

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